6-1. 圖的種類及術語

Define Directed and Undirected Graph

V V \ne \emptyset (V V : vertices set/nodes set), EV×V E \subseteq V \times V (E E : edges set) =

  • { (a a , b b ) | a a , bV b \in V }, 稱 G G = (V V , E E ) 為一個 有向圖(directed graph/digraph)

    其中 (a a , b b ) E \in E 為一個有序對(ordered pair), 表示一個有向邊(directed edge)

    • a a : 起點(origin/source/initial vertex)
    • b b : 終點(terminal node/terminus)
  • { { a a , b b } | a a , bV b \in V }, 稱 G G = (V V , E E ) 為一個 無向圖(undirected graph)

    其中 { a a , b b } = { b b , a a } E \in E 為一個無序對(unordered pair), 表示一個無向邊(undirected edge)

    • 無向圖視為一有向圖時: { a a , b b } = { (a a , b b ), (b b , a a ) }

Pseudograph Underlying G

有向圖 G G 視為一無向圖時,此無向圖稱為G G 為基礎的虛擬圖(pseudograph underlying G G )

Loop and Isolated Vertex

  • 迴圈(loop): 一個邊起點與終點相同
    • 有向圖: (a a , a a )
    • 無向圖: { a a , a a }
  • 孤立點(isolated vertex): 一個點不為任何邊的起點

Define Simple Graph and Multigraph

G G = (V V , E E ): graph, 重數(multiplicity): 兩點之間的邊數, 若 G G 中任兩點間

  • 至多一邊相連: multiplicity 1 \le 1 ,稱 G G 簡單圖(simple graph)線性圖(linear graph)

    至多一邊相連: 無 loop & 無重邊

  • 至少兩邊相連: multiplicity 2 \ge 2 ,稱 G G 多重圖(multigraph)

\rightarrow 往後章節在未特別指定下,一個 graph 視為 undirected simple graph!

Define Walk, Trail and Path

G G = (V V , E E ): undirected graph, P P : v0 v_0 = x , e1 e_1 , v1 v_1 , e2 e_2 , v2 v_2 , ..., en e_n , vn v_n = y , v0 v_0 , ..., vnV v_n \in V , e1 e_1 , ..., enE e_n \in E , 稱 P P x-y 路(walk)

  • P P 不含重複點,稱 P P 路徑(path)
  • P P 不含重複邊,稱 P P 路線(trail)

    path \Rightarrow trail, but trail 不一定 \Rightarrow path

  • x = = y: closed; x \ne y: open

    • closed path: 環路(cycle),規定至少含 3 邊,其中重複點不包括 xy
    • closed trail: 迴路(circuit),規定至少含 1 邊 \therefore loop is a circuit, not a cycle.

      cycle \Rightarrow circuit, but circuit 不一定 \Rightarrow cycle

Define Connected Graph

G G = (V V , E E ): undirected graph, 若 G G 任兩點(x \forall x , yV y \in V , xy x \ne y )皆有 path 相連,則稱 G G 連通圖(connected graph),否則稱 G G 不連通圖(disconnected graph)

G G digraph 時,稱 G G (強)連通圖((strongly) connected graph)

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